Journal
EMBO JOURNAL
Volume 39, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103955
Keywords
Caenorhabditis elegans; cilia; intraflagellar transport; kinesin; torque generation
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31991191, 31730052, 31525015, 31561130153, 31671444, 31871352]
- National Key R&D Program of China [2017YFA0102900]
- Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation [5172015]
- Newton Advanced Fellowship from the Royal Society
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Cytoskeletal-based molecular motors produce force perpendicular to their direction of movement. However, it remains unknown whether and why motor proteins generate sidesteps movement along their filamentous tracks in vivo. Using Hessian structured illumination microscopy, we located green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles inside sensory cilia of live Caenorhabditis elegans with 3-6-nanometer accuracy and 3.4-ms resolution. We found that IFT particles took sidesteps along axoneme microtubules, demonstrating that IFT motors generate torque in a living animal. Kinesin-II and OSM-3-kinesin collaboratively drive anterograde IFT. We showed that the deletion of kinesin-II, a torque-generating motor protein, reduced sidesteps, whereas the increase of neck flexibility of OSM-3-kinesin upregulated sidesteps. Either increase or decrease of sidesteps of IFT kinesins allowed ciliogenesis to the regular length, but changed IFT speeds, disrupted axonemal ninefold symmetry, and inhibited sensory cilia-dependent animal behaviors. Thus, an optimum level of IFT kinesin sidestepping is associated with the structural and functional fidelity of cilia.
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