Single-Cell RNA Sequencing to Dissect the Immunological Network of Autoimmune Myocarditis

Background: Myocarditis can develop into dilated cardiomyopathy, which may require heart transplantation. The immunological network of myocarditis phases remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the immunological network during the transition from myocarditis to cardiomyopathy and to identify the genes contributing to the inflammatory response to myocarditis. Methods: Mice were treated with myosin heavy chain-alpha peptides to generate an experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) model. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis ofCd45(+)cells extracted from mouse hearts during different EAM phases, including normal control, acute inflammatory, subacute inflammatory, and myopathy phases. Human heart tissues were collected from the surgically removed hearts of patients who had undergone heart transplantation. Results: We identified 26 cell subtypes among 34 665 cells. Macrophages constituted the main immune cell population at all disease phases (>60%), and an inflammation-associated macrophage cluster was identified in which the expression ofHif1a-regulated genes was upregulated. The neutrophil population was increased after the induction of EAM, and neutrophils then releasedIl-1to participate in the EAM process. T cells were observed at the highest percentage at the subacute inflammatory phase. T-helper 17 cells, in which the expression ofHif1a-regulated genes was upregulated, constituted the main T-cell population detected at the acute inflammatory phase, whereas regulatory T cells were the main T-cell population detected at the subacute inflammatory phase, and gamma delta T cells releasingIl-17were the main T-cell population observed at the myopathy phase. Moreover, theHif1aexpression level correlated with the extent of inflammation. In addition, PX-478 could alleviate the inflammatory responses of the different EAM phases. Last,HIF1Awas expressed at higher levels in patients with acute autoimmune myocarditis than in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and healthy control subjects. Conclusions: We present here a comprehensive single-cell landscape of the cardiac immune cells in different EAM phases. In addition, we elucidate the contribution ofHif1ato the inflammatory response through the regulation of immune cell activity, particularly of macrophage cluster 2 and T-helper 17 cells. Moreover, anHif1ainhibitor alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration of the EAM model and may serve as a potential therapeutic target in the clinic.