Journal
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
Volume 264, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118509
Keywords
Sustainable chemistry; Acid-catalyzed protonation mechanism; Stabilization; Proton transfer; Product selectivity
Funding
- JSPS (Japan) [19K15347]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (China) [21577073, 21876091]
- Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Tianjin (China) [17JCJQJC45500]
- project program of Tohoku University for promotion of gender equality (Japan)
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [19K15347] Funding Source: KAKEN
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We report on a combined experimental, spectroscopic and theoretical study of acid catalysed dehydration-etherification of fructose in ethanol for understanding the mechanistic role of polar solvent additives and product selectivity. Herein, we show that polar solvent additives (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile, gamma-valerolactone, dimethyl sulfoxide) protonated with a common solid acid catalyst in ethanol allow transformation of biomass-related compounds into desired dehydration or etherification products. Fructose in ethanol with DMSO additive is selectively transformed into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with negligible formation of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural due to preferential DMSO protonation according to its polarity. Spectroscopic methods and density functional theory show that additives having higher polarity than ethanol are readily protonated and act as the key catalytic protonation species and as the key stabilization species for reaction intermediates. Understanding the mechanism of protonated polar additives in reaction systems allows one to tailor selectivity in acid-catalyzed dehydration-etherification schemes and to develop sustainable chemistry for biomass resources.
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