Quantitative Detection of G-Quadruplex DNA in Live Cells Based on Photon Counts and Complex Structure Discrimination

G-quadruplex DNA show structural polymorphism, leading to challenges in the use of selective recognition probes for the accurate detection of G-quadruplexes in vivo. Herein, we present a tripodal cationic fluorescent probe, NBTE, which showed distinguishable fluorescence lifetime responses between G-quadruplexes and other DNA topologies, and fluorescence quantum yield (phi(f)) enhancement upon G-quadruplex binding. We determined two NBTE-G-quadruplex complex structures with high phi(f) values by NMR spectroscopy. The structures indicated NBTE interacted with G-quadruplexes using three arms through pi-pi stacking, differing from that with duplex DNA using two arms, which rationalized the higher phi(f) values and lifetime response of NBTE upon G-quadruplex binding. Based on photon counts of FLIM, we detected the percentage of G-quadruplex DNA in live cells with NBTE and found G-quadruplex DNA content in cancer cells is 4-fold that in normal cells, suggesting the potential applications of this probe in cancer cell detection.