Journal
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Volume 32, Issue 22, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000055
Keywords
cancer theranostics; personalized nanomedicine; stimulus-responsive materials; tumor microenvironment; upconversion nanoparticles
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Funding
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2016YFA0201600, 2016YFE0133100]
- Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [11621505]
- CAS Key Research Program for Frontier Sciences [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH022]
- CAS interdisciplinary innovation team
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Tailoring personalized cancer nanomedicines demands detailed understanding of the tumor microenvironment. In recent years, smart upconversion nanoparticles with the ability to exploit the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment for precise targeting have been designed. To activate upconversion nanoparticles, various bio-physicochemical characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, namely, acidic pH, redox reactants, and hypoxia, are exploited. Stimuli-responsive upconversion nanoparticles also utilize the excessive presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), riboflavin, and Zn2+ in tumors. An overview of the design of stimulus-responsive upconversion nanoparticles that precisely target and respond to tumors via targeting the tumor microenvironment and intracellular signals is provided. Detailed understanding of the tumor microenvironment and the personalized design of upconversion nanoparticles will result in more effective clinical translation.
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