Lignin-derived interconnected hierarchical porous carbon monolith with large areal/volumetric capacitances for supercapacitor

A large scale 3D interconnected hierarchical porous carbon monolith was developed by a novel synthetic approach from the 2nd most abundant natural polymer, lignin. This newly derived carbon monolith possess desirable microstructure and high conductivity that enables the fabrication of a binder-/conductive additive-free thick electrode. The carbon monolith delivered simultaneously excellent areal/volumetric capacitances of 3.0 F cm(-2)/97.1 F cm(-3), at a high mass loading of 14.4 mg cm(-2). The areal capacitances obtained in our work are the highest among the reported carbon-based electrodes. The carbon monolith based symmetric supercapacitor achieved a high areal energy density of 0.16 mWh cm(-2) at 1.75 mW cm(-2), with excellent cycling performance (similar to 95% retention after 10,000 cycles). Our work demonstrates the successful conversion of biomass waste into high-performance eletrode, and the promising areal/volumetric performances further suggest the developed approach may provide a positive route to improving the energy density of supercapacitor. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.