Journal
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
Volume 149, Issue -, Pages 357-368Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.120
Keywords
Sunflower stalks; Cellulose; Chemical pre-treatment; Steam explosion; Hydrolysis; Bionanocomposites
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Novel gluten based bionanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) extracted from sunflower stalks by respectively a steam explosion treatment and a hydrolysis procedure, were prepared by casting/evaporation. The extracted cellulose nanomaterials, both CNC and CNF, were embedded in gluten matrix and their effect was investigated. Morphological investigations highlighted that gluten based bionanocomposites showed a homogenous morphology, the absence of visible cellulose nanoreinforcements, and the presence of holes for Gluten_CNF nanocomposites. Gluten_CNF showed a reduction of water vapour permeability coefficients but the values are higher respect to gluten reinforced with CNC. This behaviour could be related to the ability of CNC to increase the tortuous path of gas molecules. Moreover, the results from thermal, mechanical and barrier properties confirmed the strong interactions obtained between CNC and gluten matrix during the process. The study suggested the possibility to re-valorise agricultural wastes with potential applications as reinforcement in polymer matrix bionanocomposites. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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