Journal
EBIOMEDICINE
Volume 53, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102706
Keywords
Myeloid differentiation-2; Oxidized-LDL; Toll-like receptor 4; Atherosclerosis; Inflammation; Macrophages
Funding
- National Key Research Project of China [2017YFA0506000]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21961142009, 81930108, 81670244, 81700402]
- Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province [LY19H020004]
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Background: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Although Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been involved in inflammatory atherosclerosis, the exact mechanisms by which oxidized-low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) activates TLR4 and elicits inflammatory genesis are not fully known. Myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) is an extracellular molecule indispensable for lipopolysaccharide recognition of TLR4. Method: Apoe(-/-)Md2(-/-) mice and pharmacological inhibitor of MD2 were used in this study. We also reconstituted Apoe(-/-) mice with either Apoe(-/-) or Apoe(-/-)Md2(-/-) marrow-derived cells. Mechanistic studies were performed in primary macrophages, HEK-293T cells, and cell-free system. Finding: MD2 levels are elevated in atherosclerotic lesion macrophages, and MD2 deficiency or pharmacological inhibition in mice reduces the inflammation and stunts the development of atherosclerotic lesions in Apoe(-/-) mice fed with high-fat diet. Transfer of marrow-derived cells from Apoe-Md2 double knockout mice to Apoe knockout mice confirmed the critical role of bone marrow-derived MD2 in inflammatory factor induction and atherosclerosis development. Mechanistically, we show that MD2 does not alter ox-LDL uptake by macrophages but is required for TLR4 activation and inflammation via directly binding to ox-LDL, which triggers MD2/TLR4 complex formation and TLR4-MyD88-NF kappa B pro-inflammatory cascade. Interpretation: We provide a mechanistic basis of ox-LDL-induced macrophage inflammation, illustrate the role of macrophage-derived MD2 in atherosclerosis, and support the therapeutic potential of MD2 targeting in atherosclerosis-driven cardiovascular diseases. (c) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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