Schistosoma mansoni glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enhances formation of the blood-clot lysis protein plasmin

Schistosomes are intravascular blood flukes that cause the parasitic disease schistosomiasis. In agreement with Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) proteomic analysis, we show here that the normally intracellular glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is also found at the parasite surface; live worms from all intravascular life stages display GAPDH activity. Suppressing GAPDH gene expression using RNA interference significantly lowers this live worm surface activity. Medium in which the worms are cultured overnight displays essentially no activity, showing that the enzyme is not shed or excreted but remains associated with the worm surface. Immunolocalization experiments confirm that the enzyme is highly expressed in the parasite tegument (skin). Surface activity in schistosomulaamounts to similar to 8% of that displayed byequivalent parasite lysates. To address the functional role of SmGAPDH, we purified the protein following its expression in Escherichia coli strain DS113. The recombinant protein displays optimal enzymatic activity at pH 9.2, shows robust activity at the temperature of the parasite's hosts, and has a Michaelis-Menten constant for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) of 1.4 mM +/- 0.24. We show that recombinant SmGAPDH binds plasminogen (PLMG) and promotes PLMG conversion to its active form (plasmin) in a dose response in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator. Since plasmin is a keymediator of thrombolysis, our results support the hypothesis that SmGAPDH, a host-interactive tegumental protein that can enhance PLMG activation, could help degrade blood clots around the worms in the vascular microenvironment and thus promote parasite survival in vivo.