Journal
ACS PHOTONICS
Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 837-844Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00027
Keywords
wavefront shaping; digital optical phase conjugation; dynamic scattering medium; guide star; spatial light modulator; lock-in detection; angular-spectrum model
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [CA186567, NS090579, NS099717]
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Light focusing inside live tissue by digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) has drawn increasing interest due to its potential biomedical applications in optogenetics, microsurgery, phototherapy, and deep-tissue imaging. However, fast physiological motions in a live animal, including blood flow and respiratory motions, produce undesired photon perturbation and thus inevitably deteriorate the performance of light focusing. Here, we develop a photon-frequency-shifting DOPC method to fight against fast physiological motions by switching the states of a guide star at a distinctive frequency. Therefore, the photons tagged by the guide star are well detected at the specific frequency, separating them from the photons perturbed by fast motions. Light focusing was demonstrated in both phantoms in vitro and mice in vivo with substantially improved focusing contrast. This work puts a new perspective on light focusing inside live tissue and promises wide biomedical applications.
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