Journal
TOXINS
Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020087
Keywords
Vulcanodinium rugosum; pinnatoxin G; dinoflagellates; harmful algae; oral toxicity
Categories
Funding
- Ifremer
- Anses
- French Government Departments for Agriculture, Food and Health (MAAF/DGAL) from 2011-2014 under programme 206 action 37 [2011/203/2100482701, 11/1219401/NYF, 13/521069/YF]
- French Government Departments for Agriculture, Food and Health (MSS/DGS) from 2011-2014 under programme 206 action 37 [2011/203/2100482701, 11/1219401/NYF, 13/521069/YF]
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Pinnatoxin G (PnTx-G) is a marine cyclic imine toxin produced by the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, frequently detected in edible shellfish from Ingril Lagoon (France). As other pinnatoxins, to date, no human poisonings ascribed to consumption of PnTx-G contaminated seafood have been reported, despite its potent antagonism at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and its high and fast-acting toxicity after intraperitoneal or oral administration in mice. The hazard characterization of PnTx-G by oral exposure is limited to a single acute toxicity study recording lethality and clinical signs in non-fasted mice treated by gavage or through voluntary food ingestion, which showed differences in PnTx-G toxic potency. Thus, an acute toxicity study was carried out using 3 h-fasted CD-1 female mice, administered by gavage with PnTx-G (8-450 mu g kg(-1)). At the dose of 220 mu g kg(-1) and above, the toxin induced a rapid onset of clinical signs (piloerection, prostration, hypothermia, abdominal breathing, paralysis of the hind limbs, and cyanosis), leading to the death of mice within 30 min. Except for moderate mucosal degeneration in the small intestine recorded at doses of 300 mu g kg(-1), the toxin did not induce significant morphological changes in the other main organs and tissues, or alterations in blood chemistry parameters. This acute oral toxicity study allowed to calculate an oral LD50 for PnTx-G equal to 208 mu g kg(-1) (95% confidence limits: 155-281 mu g kg(-1)) and to estimate a provisional NOEL of 120 mu g kg(-1).
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