Journal
FORESTS
Volume 10, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/f10121158
Keywords
pine pitch canker; Fusarium circinatum; dispersion; invasive species; environmentally friendly management
Categories
Funding
- COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) [FP1406]
- MINECO (Spain) [AGL2015-69370-R]
- FEDER (EU) [AGL2015-69370-R]
- Government of Cantabria (Spain)
- FEDER through COMPETE (Programa Operacional Fatores de Competitividad)
- National Funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) within the project URGENTpine [PTDC/AGR-FOR/2768/2014]
- CESAM [UID/AMB/50017/2019]
- University of Valladolid
- FCT [SFRH/BPD/122928/2016]
- French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the Investissements d'Avenir programme [ANR-11-LABX-0002-01]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [PTDC/AGR-FOR/2768/2014] Funding Source: FCT
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Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O' Donnell) is the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC) disease, one of the most devastating forest diseases worldwide. Long-distance spread occurs mainly through the movement of infected seeds whereas at regional level, the movement of seedlings, substrates, or containers may play an important role in fungal dispersal. Invasion of nurseries takes place via infected seeds and further spread can occur by planting contaminated seedlings, especially due to the possibility of infected plants remaining symptomless. Once established, F. circinatum spreads by rain, wind, and insects. The natural spread of the pathogen is limited due to the short dispersal distances of the spores and the fairly short flight distances of disseminating insects. In this review, we summarize the currently known dispersal pathways of the pathogen, discussing both natural and human-assisted processes. With the purpose of understanding how to best intervene in the disease's development in nurseries and forests, we outline the epidemiology of the pathogen describing the key factors influencing its spread. Preventive measures to control the spread of F. circinatum locally and globally are described with special emphasis on the challenges in implementing them.
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