Journal
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
Volume 10, Issue 17, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201903280
Keywords
carbon anodes; ion intercalation; potassium ion batteries; sodium ion batteries
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Funding
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources
- Early Career Faculty grant from NASA's Space Technology Research Grants Program (Early Career Faculty grant) [80NSSC18K1509]
- Energy Storage Program, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability USA [DE-AC05 00OR22725]
- Ministry of Science and ICT, Korea
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) [2E29300, 2V07560]
- National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST), Republic of Korea [20-3212-1] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2E30120] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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Structurally and chemically defective activated-crumbled graphene (A-CG) is employed to achieve unique synergy of large reversible potassium (K) and sodium (Na) ion storage capacity with fast charging and extended cyclability. A-CG synthesis consists of low temperature spraying of graphene oxide slurry, followed by partial reduction annealing and air activation. For K storage, the reversible capacities are 340 mAh g(-1) at 0.04 A g(-1), 261 mAh g(-1) at 0.5 A g(-1), and 210 mAh g(-1) at 2 A g(-1). For Na storage, the reversible capacities are 280 mAh g(-1) at 0.04 A g(-1), 191 mAh g(-1) at 0.5 A g(-1), and 151 mAh g(-1) at 2 A g(-1). A-CG shows a stable intermediate rate (0.5 Ag-1) cycling with both K and Na, with minimal fade after 2800 and 8000 cycles. These are among the most favorable capacity-rate capability-cyclability combinations recorded for potassium-ion battery and sodium-ion battery carbons. Electroanalytical studies (cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, b-value) and density functional theory (DFT) reveal that enhanced electrochemical performance originates from ion adsorption at various defects, such as Stone-Wales defects. Moreover, DFT highlights enhanced thermodynamic stability of A-CG with adsorbed K versus with adsorbed Na, explaining the unexpected higher reversible capacity with the former.
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