Carbon and nitrogen recycling from microbial necromass to cope with C:N stoichiometric imbalance by priming

The impact of increasing amounts of labile C input on priming effects (PE) on soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization remains unclear, particularly under anoxic conditions and under high C input common in microbial hotspots. PE and their mechanisms were investigated by a 60-day incubation of three flooded paddy soils amended with(13)C-labeled glucose equivalent to 50-500% of microbial biomass C (MBC). PE (14-55% of unamended soil) peaked at moderate glucose addition rates (i.e., 50-300% of MBC). Glucose addition above 300% of MBC suppressed SOM mineralization but intensified microbial N acquisition, which contradicted the common PE mechanism of accelerating SOM decomposition for N-supply (frequently termed as N mining). Particularly at glucose input rate higher than 3 g kg(-1) (i.e., 300-500% of MBC), mineral N content dropped on day 2 close to zero (1.1-2.5 mg N kg(-1)) because of microbial N immobilization. To cope with the N limitation, microorganisms greatly increased N-acetyl glucosaminidase and leucine aminopeptidase activities, while SOM decomposition decreased. Several discrete peaks of glucose-derived CO2 (contributing >80% to total CO2) were observed between days 13-30 under high glucose input (300-500% of MBC), concurrently with CH4 peaks. Such CO2 dynamics was distinct from the common exponential decay pattern, implicating the recycling and mineralization of C-13-enriched microbial necromass driven by glucose addition. Therefore, N recycling from necromass was hypothesized as a major mechanism to alleviate microbial N deficiency without SOM priming under excess labile C input. Compound-specific C-13-PLFA confirmed the redistribution of glucose-derived C among microbial groups, i.e., necromass recycling. Following glucose input, more than 4/5 of total C-13-PLFA was in the gram-negative and some non-specific bacteria, suggesting these microorganisms as r-strategists capable of rapidly utilizing the most labile C. However, their C-13-PLFA content decreased by 70% after 60 days, probably as a result of death of these r-strategists. On the contrary, the C-13-PLFA in gram-positive bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi (K-strategists) was initially minimal but increased by 0.5-5 folds between days 2 and 60. Consequently, the necromass of dead r-strategists provided a high-quality C-N source to the K-strategists. We conclude that under severe C excess, N recycling from necromass is a much more efficient microbial strategy to cover the acute N demand than N acquisition from the recalcitrant SOM.