Journal
SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Volume 42, Issue 3, Pages 333-353Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00790-4
Keywords
Buruli ulcer; Leprosy; Immune evasion; Polarization of immune responses; Immunopathology; Diagnosis; Vaccine design
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Funding
- Heiser Program of the New York Community Trust for Research in Leprosy [P18-000250]
- Fulbright Scholar to Brazil award 2019-2020
- Association de Chimiotherapie Anti-Infectieuse of the Societe Francaise de Microbiologie
- European Union [845479]
- European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) [ALTF 1086-2018]
- Fondation Botnar
- Medicor Foundation
- Marie Curie Actions (MSCA) [845479] Funding Source: Marie Curie Actions (MSCA)
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Mycobacterial pathogens can be categorized into three broad groups: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex causing tuberculosis, M. leprae and M. lepromatosis causing leprosy, and atypical mycobacteria, or non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), responsible for a wide range of diseases. Among the NTMs, M. ulcerans is responsible for the neglected tropical skin disease Buruli ulcer (BU). Most pathogenic mycobacteria, including M. leprae, evade effector mechanisms of the humoral immune system by hiding and replicating inside host cells and are furthermore excellent modulators of host immune responses. In contrast, M. ulcerans replicates predominantly extracellularly, sheltered from host immune responses through the cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects of mycolactone, a macrolide produced by the bacteria. In the year 2018, 208,613 new cases of leprosy and 2713 new cases of BU were reported to WHO, figures which are notoriously skewed by vast underreporting of these diseases.
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