Deep origin of Cenozoic volcanoes in Northeast China revealed by 3-D electrical structure

The three-dimensional (3-D) electrical structure of the upper-mantle was used to examine the deep origins of and relationship among the Cenozoic volcanoes located in Northeast China (NEC). High-quality, long-period magnetotelluric (LMT) full-impedance tensor data were collected in NEC and subjected to 3-D Gauss-Newton inversion in order to construct a resistivity model. The resulting model reveals the presence of multiple localized low-resistivity anomalies (LRAs) within the high-resistance lithosphere beneath NEC. These LRAs partially coincide with Cenozoic volcanoes on the surface. Three LRAs that form a larger, annular LRA were observed in the deep upper mantle beneath the Songliao Basin, whereas vein-like LRAs were found in the asthenosphere that connect the lithosphere and deep upper mantle. Petrophysical analyses suggest that the LRAs may have been caused by fluid-induced melting. Based on our electrical model, we propose that, following dehydration of the subducted Western Pacific slab into the mantle transition zone (MTZ) beneath NEC, the released water migrated upward and caused partial melting at the top of the MTZ beneath the Songliao Basin. Under the effect of buoyancy, the melted mantle formed a thermal upwelling that caused melting of asthenosphere before diapiring at the base of the dry lithosphere. The magma then penetrated structural boundaries (such as thinner, weaker, or activated suture zones) and finally reached the Earth's surface. This melting and upwelling of hot mantle materials may have resulted in large-scale volcanism in the region throughout the Cenozoic, including the eruption of Changbai Mountain and Halaha Volcanoes. Our results suggest that the Cenozoic NEC volcanoes may all share a similar mode of genesis, and probably originated from the annular LRA in the deep upper mantle.