Journal
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Volume 143, Issue -, Pages 512-519Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.003
Keywords
Lemon-peel; Biocrude oil; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Food waste
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51776088]
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China [BK20161349]
- Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province [18KJB470004]
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Large amounts of food wastes, such as fruit peels, are released into the environment without proper treatment every year. Fruit peels are also a potential bio-resource that can be converted into useful chemicals. Due to the high moisture content of the peels, hydrothermal liquefaction was introduced to convert the fresh lemon-peel to biocrude oil in this study. The optimisation based on the response surface methodology was applied to parameters including temperature, reaction time and feedstock concentration. The highest oil yield around 18 wt% was achieved under the optimised settings of 336 degrees C, 50 min, and 9.6 wt% feedstock loading. GC-MS identified a large number of ketones in the biocrude, while few fatty acids and N & O containing compounds compared with that from microalgae. A higher percentage of the biocrude can be distilled compared with the microalgae oil, indicating more volatiles within the lemon-peel liquefied oil. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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