Numerical and perturbation solutions of third-grade fluid in a porous channel: Boundary and thermal slip effects

The steady flow of a third-grade fluid due to pressure gradient is considered between parallel plane walls which are kept at different temperatures. The space between the plane walls is assumed to be a porous medium of constant permeability. The viscosity of the fluid is taken as constant as well as a function of temperature. It is further assumed that the fluid may slip at the wall surfaces. The consequence of this assumption results in non-linear boundary conditions at the plane walls. The temperature field is also supposed to satisfy thermal slip condition at the walls. The governing equations are modelled under these assumptions and the approximate solution is obtained using the perturbation theory. The skin friction coefficient is a decreasing function of slip parameters in the case of temperature-dependent viscosity models while no variation is noted for the case of constant viscosity via boundary slip parameter. The heat transfer rate increases with the boundary slip parameter and decreases with the thermal slip parameter. The validity of the approximated solution is checked by calculating the numerical solution as well. The absolute error is calculated and listed in tabular form in the case of constant and temperature-dependent viscosity via boundary and thermal slip parameters. The influence of various emerging parameters on flow velocity and temperature profile is discussed through graphs.