Journal
NEW PHYTOLOGIST
Volume 225, Issue 5, Pages 1974-1992Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/nph.16297
Keywords
Anthoceros agrestis; chloroplast DNA; DYW domain; mitochondrial DNA; PPR proteins; PPR-RNA binding code; reverse U-to-C RNA editing; RNA editing factors
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Funding
- German Research Foundation (DFG) [SCHA1952/2-1]
- Swiss National Science Foundation [160004, 131726]
- Georges and Antoine Claraz Foundation (Switzerland)
- US National Science Foundation
- Forschungskredit
- University Research Priority Program 'Evolution in Action' of the University of Zurich
- Foundation of German Business (sdw)
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Hornworts are crucial to understand the phylogeny of early land plants. The emergence of 'reverse' U-to-C RNA editing accompanying the widespread C-to-U RNA editing in plant chloroplasts and mitochondria may be a molecular synapomorphy of a hornwort-tracheophyte clade. C-to-U RNA editing is well understood after identification of many editing factors in models like Arabidopsis thaliana and Physcomitrella patens, but there is no plant model yet to investigate U-to-C RNA editing. The hornwort Anthoceros agrestis is now emerging as such a model system. We report on the assembly and analyses of the A. agrestis chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes, their transcriptomes and editomes, and a large nuclear gene family encoding pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins likely acting as RNA editing factors. Both organelles in A. agrestis feature high amounts of RNA editing, with altogether > 1100 sites of C-to-U and 1300 sites of U-to-C editing. The nuclear genome reveals > 1400 genes for PPR proteins with variable carboxyterminal DYW domains. We observe significant variants of the 'classic' DYW domain, in the meantime confirmed as the cytidine deaminase for C-to-U editing, and discuss the first attractive candidates for reverse editing factors given their excellent matches to U-to-C editing targets according to the PPR-RNA binding code.
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