The possibility of using by-products from the flaxseed industry for functional bread production

Flaxseed is one of the most important oil plants. Flaxseed oil extraction yields by-products with high nutritional value. The present study was undertaken to assess the potential use of by-products of flaxseed industry (flour (FF) and marc (FM)) as functional raw material for bread production. Wheat bread was enriched by addition of 5, 10, and 15% of flaxseed by-products. The influence of FF and FM addition on bread quality, chemical composition and consumer acceptance of the products were investigated. The data from study indicate that addition of FF and FM increases bread yield by 146.6 and 148.4%, respectively, for samples with 15% addition of FF and FM, compared to the control bread (137.5%). Texture analysis showed that both by-products modify the mean values of hardness, springiness, and chewiness and colour of the crumb. Flaxseed by-products have a beneficial effect on the moisture content of the crumb but exert a negative impact on the specific volume and porosity, while the addition of FM induces smaller changes. The addition of flax components increased the nutritional value of bread, simultaneously reducing its calorific value. The research has shown that 10% addition of flaxseed mare yields bread with high nutritional value and acceptable sensory properties.