Regulation of Runx2 by post-translational modifications in osteoblast differentiation

Osteogenesis is the process of new bone formation where transcription factors play an important role in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a key transcription factor, regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which further mature into osteocytes. Runx2 acts as a modulator such that it can either stimulate or inhibit the osteoblast differentiation. A defect/alteration in the expression/activity of this gene may lead to skeletal dysplasia. Runx2 thus serves as the best therapeutic model gene for studying bone and bone-related diseases. In this review, we briefly outline the regulation of Runx2 and its activity at the post-translational levels by the virtue of phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination in controlling the bone homeostasis.