Transjugular Versus Percutaneous Liver Biopsy in Children: Indication, Success, Yield, and Complications

Background/Objective: Percutaneous biopsy (PB) and transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) are 2 main ways of obtaining liver tissue. We evaluated the indications, success rate, tissue yield, and complications of TJLB in comparison to PB in children. Methods: Electronic records of children undergoing liver biopsy (LB) were reviewed. Clinico laboratory data including indication, type of biopsy, complications, and tissue yield (length and number of complete portal tracts [CPT]) were noted. Results: Five hundred forty LB (indication: neonatal cholestasis [42.9%], chronic liver disease [43.7%], liver failure [3.7%], focal lesions [3.3%] and others [6.3%]) were done. Four hundred seventy-three were PB (317 boys, 14 [1--216] months) done by percussion (322 [68%]), real-time ultrasound guidance (125 [26.4%]), or plugged method [26 (5.5%)]. Sixty-seven (12.4%) were TJLB [38 boys, 140 (24--216) months], done in patients with contraindications for PB. Technical success (67/68 vs 473/473; P = 0.7) and complications (4 [6%]; vs 15 [3.3%]; P = 0.2) of TJLB and PB were similar. Major complications (0.5%) included supraventricular tachycardia (n = 1) in TJLB and hemoperitoneum (n = 2) in PB. Tissue yield of TJLB was poorer in terms of length (1.0 [0.2--2.0] vs 1.1 [0.4--2.1] cm; P < 0.001), CPT (4 [0--9] vs 5 [2--17]; P < 0.001) and adequacy for reporting (56/67 vs 459/473; P < 0.001). Biopsy yield of <6 CPT was predicted by cirrhosis at histology and TJLB. No factor identified risk of complications with LB. Conclusions: LB is a safe procedure and only 12% children require TJLB because of contraindications of PB. Technical success and complications are similar but tissue yield is poorer in TJLB than PB. Presence of cirrhosis and TJLB adversely affected tissue yield.