Photocatalytic degradation of gemifloxacin antibiotic using Zn-Co-LDH@biochar nanocomposite

The aim of the present study was to investigate the photocatalytic performance of biochar (BC)-incorporated Zn-Co-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanostructures in gemifloxacin (GMF) degradation as a model pharmaceutical pollutant. The as-prepared Zn-Co-LDH@BC showed high photocatalytic efficiency due to the enhanced separation of photo-generated charge carriers using cobalt hydroxide as well as inhibiting the agglomeration of LDH nanostructures by incorporation of BC. According to the results, 92.7% of GMF was degraded through photocatalysis in the presence of Zn-Co-LDH catalyst. The photocatalytic performance of BC-incorporated Zn-Co-LDH was highly dependent on the solute concentration and photocatalyst dosage. The addition of ethanol caused more inhibiting effect than that of benzoquinone (BQ), indicating the major role of (OH)-O-center dot in decomposition of GMF compared to the negligible role of O-2(center dot-). A greater enhancement in the photocatalytic degradation of GMF was obtained when the photoreactor containing Zn-Co-LDH@BC nanostructures was oxygenated. Less than 10% drop in the removal efficiency of GMF was observed within five successive operational runs. The results of chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis indicated the COD removal efficiency of about 80% within 200 min, indicating the acceptable mineralization of GMF. The reaction pathways were also proposed for the photocatalytic conversion of GMF under UV light irradiation.