Analyzing parcel-level relationships between Luojia 1-01 nighttime light intensity and artificial surface features across Shanghai, China: A comparison with NPP-VIIRS data

Nighttime light (NTL) remote sensing data have been widely used to derive socioeconomic indices at national and regional scales. However, few studies analyzed the factors that may explain NTL variations at a fine scale due to the limited resolution of existing NTL data. As a new generation NTL satellite, Luojia 1-01 provides NTL data with a finer spatial resolution of similar to 130 m and can be used to assess the relationship between NTL intensity and artificial surface features on an unprecedented scale. This study represents the first efforts to assess the relationship between Luojia 1-01 NTL intensity and artificial surface features at the parcel level in comparison to the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership-Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) NTL data. Points-of-interest (POIs) and land-use/land-cover (LULC) data were used in random forest (RF) regression models for both Luojia 1-01 and NPP-VIIRS to analyze the feature contribution of artificial surface features to NTL intensity. The results show that luminosity variations in Luojia 1-01 data for different land-use types were more significant than those in NPP-VIIRS data because of the finer spatial resolution and wider measurement range. Seventeen variables extracted from POI and LULC data explained the Luojia 1-01 and NPP-VIIRS NTL intensity, with a good out-of-bag score of 0.62 and 0.76, respectively. Moreover, Luojia 1-01 data had fewer blooming phenomena than NPP-VIIRS data, especially for cropland, water body, and rural area. Luojia 1-01 is more suitable for estimating socioeconomic activities and can attain more comprehensive information on human activities, since the feature contribution of POI variables is more sensitive to NTL intensity in the Luojia 1-01 RF regression model than that in the NPP-VIIRS RF regression model.