Journal
IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT
Volume 56, Issue 1, Pages 122-133Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11627-019-10032-4
Keywords
Barbary fig; Heat shock; Microspores; Phytohormones; Pollen embryos
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When constrained by in vitro culture conditions, microspores from Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Barbary fig) anthers were forced to stall out their gametophytic pathway and switch towards androgenesis. Five microspore stages were characterized based on cellular architecture. A relationship was also established between anthers and bud flower features. Anthers were cultured on three culture media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, thidiazuron and gibberellic acid at 22 degrees C for 4 wk, followed by heat shock treatment at 32 degrees C or 42 degrees C for 2 wk, and the stressed material was recultured at 22 degrees C for 24 wk in the dark. When anthers were heat shocked at 32 degrees C and 42 degrees C, the cultivated anthers swelled and burst, followed by the microspores flowing onto the explant surface. Androgenesis occurred directly and indirectly at uni- and binucleate stages. The micromorphology of multicellular, proembryos, globular, torpedo and cotyledonary-like-shaped structures from dehisced anthers was confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, at 42 degrees C, microscopic analysis demonstrated that the non-responsive microspores achieved pollen maturation and more rarely, the emission of a pollen tube. However, 11.4 to 14.4% of the mature pollen grains were converted into pollen embryos. The established system may serve, for the first time, as a protocol to produce microspore embryos in O. ficus-indica. Nevertheless, more efforts are needed to complete the development of diplo-haploid plantlets.
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