Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS
Volume 34, Issue 12, Pages 11843-11855Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2904715
Keywords
Angular characteristics; directional relay; high-frequency impedance; renewable power sources; sequence super-imposed impedance
Categories
Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2018YFB0904104]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51725702, 51777071]
- Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program [CAST 2018QNRC001]
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Renewable energy sources are typically interfaced to the grid using power electronics, which can cause their fault current characteristics to display significant low-frequency harmonics and unbalanced sequence impedances. Such current characteristics can lead to the operation failure of fault-component-based directional relays. To demonstrate the influence of inverter-interfaced renewable energy generators (IIREGs) on directional relays in detail, analytical expressions for the IIREG equivalent positive- and negative-sequence superimposed impedances are derived in this paper. Considering various factors, the angular characteristics of the sequence superimposed impedances are investigated. Based on these attributes, it can be concluded that fault-component-based directional relays may be unable to operate in some circumstances. A novel high-frequency impedance-based protection scheme is proposed to manage the adaptability problem by determining the fault direction due to a stable impedance angle. The theoretical analysis and the proposed scheme are tested and verified through real time digital simulation and field testing data.
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