Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS
Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 1499-1512Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2919709
Keywords
Active battery balancing; battery management system; lithium-ion battery; run-to-run control
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [61433005]
- Hong Kong Research Council [16207717]
- Guangdong Scientific and Technological Project [2017B010120002]
- Swedish Energy Agency [42787-1]
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Lithium iron phosphate battery packs are widely employed for energy storage in electrified vehicles and power grids. However, their flat voltage curves rendering the weakly observable state of charge are a critical stumbling block for charge equalization management. This paper focuses on the real-time active balancing of series-connected lithium iron phosphate batteries. In the absence of accurate in situ state information in the voltage plateau, a balancing current ratio (BCR) based algorithm is proposed for battery balancing. Then, BCR-based and voltage-based algorithms are fused, responsible for the balancing task within and beyond the voltage plateau, respectively. The balancing process is formulated as a batch-based run-to-run control problem, as the first time in the research area of battery management. The control algorithm acts in two timescales, including timewise controlwithin each batch run and batchwise control at the end of each batch. Hardware-inthe-loop experiments demonstrate that the proposed balancing algorithm is able to release 97.1% of the theoretical capacity and can improve the capacity utilization by 5.7% from its benchmarking algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can be coded in C language with the binary code in 118 328 bytes only and, thus, is readily implementable in real time.
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