Chronic postsurgical pain in children: prevalence and risk factors. A prospective observational study

Background: Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is well known in adults, with prevalence rates ranging from 10 to 50%. Little is known about the epidemiology of CPSP in children. The aim of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the prevalence of CPSP after surgery in children. Methods: After informed consent, children aged six to 18 yr were included. Characteristics and risk factors for CPSP were recorded. Exclusion criteria included ambulatory surgery, refusal, inability to understand and change of address. All eligible children completed a preoperative questionnaire the day before surgery about pain, anxiety and their medical history. All data concerning anaesthetic and surgical procedures, such as acute pain scores (VAS) during the first 24 h were recorded. Three months after surgery all included children were sent a postoperative questionnaire about pain at the surgical site. Results: Altogether, 291 children were enrolled; the mean age was 12 yr, most subjects were male (60%). The most common type of surgery was orthopaedic (63%). In the 258 patients who completed the study, the prevalence of CPSP was 10.9%, most often with a neuropathic origin (64.3%). The two main risk factors were the existence of recent pain before surgery (<1 month) and the severity of acute postoperative pain (VAS >30 mm) in the first 24 h after orthopaedic and thoracic surgeries. Six months after surgery, only five children needed a visit with a chronic pain practitioner. Conclusions: These results highlight the necessity of evaluating and treating perioperative pain in order to prevent CPSP in children.