Journal
IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS
Volume 38, Issue 1, Pages 169-179Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSAC.2019.2952017
Keywords
Clocks; Phasor measurement units; Synchronization; Detectors; Phase measurement; Frequency measurement; Power system stability; PMU; time synchronization attacks; phasor measurements; security; cyber-physical systems; correlation; clock synchronization; data-driven detection; machine learning
Funding
- Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) through the Center for Resilient Critical Infrastructures (CERCES) Project
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) through the Cyber-Security for Learning and Control Systems (CLAS) Project
- European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)
- European Union through the European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme
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Precise time synchronization of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is critical for monitoring and control of smart grids. Thus, time synchronization attacks (TSAs) against PMUs pose a severe threat to smart grid security. In this paper we present an approach for detecting TSAs based on the interaction between the time synchronization system and the power system. We develop a phasor measurement model and use it to derive an accurate closed form expression for the correlation between the frequency adjustments made by the PMU clock and the resulting change in the measured phase angle, without an attack. We then propose one model-based and three data-driven TSA detectors that exploit the change in correlation due to a TSA. Using extensive simulations, we evaluate the proposed detectors under different strategies for implementing TSAs, and show that the proposed detectors are superior to state-of-the-art clock frequency anomaly detection, especially for unstable clocks.
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