Journal
GUT
Volume 69, Issue 4, Pages 748-763Publisher
BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318279
Keywords
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH/NCATS) through the NIH Common Fund, Office of Strategic Coordination (OSC) [UH3TR00943-01]
- NCI [1R01CA182905-01, 1R01CA222007-01A1]
- NIGMS [1R01GM122775-01, CA096297/CA096300-UPR/MDACC]
- Team DOD [CA160445P1]
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Moonshot Flagship project
- UT MD Anderson Cancer Center Duncan Family Institute for Cancer Prevention and Risk Assessment, a Sister Institution Network Fund (SINF)
- Estate of C.G. Johnson
- US Department of Defense (DOD) [CA160445]
- NIH through Cancer Center Support Grant [P30CA016672, R01CA187238, R01CA172670]
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One of the most unexpected discoveries in molecular oncology, in the last decades, was the identification of a new layer of protein coding gene regulation by transcripts that do not codify for proteins, the non-coding RNAs. These represent a heterogeneous category of transcripts that interact with many types of genetic elements, including regulatory DNAs, coding and other non-coding transcripts and directly to proteins. The final outcome, in the malignant context, is the regulation of any of the cancer hallmarks. Non-coding RNAs represent the most abundant type of hormones that contribute significantly to cell-to cell communication, revealing a complex interplay between tumour cells, tumour microenvironment cells and immune cells. Consequently, profiling their abundance in bodily fluids became a mainstream of biomarker identification. Therapeutic targeting of non-coding RNAs represents a new option for clinicians that is currently under development. This review will present the biology and translational value of three of the most studied categories on non-coding RNAs, the microRNAs, the long non-coding RNAs and the circular RNAs. We will also focus on some aspirational concepts that can help in the development of clinical applications related to non-coding RNAs, including using pyknons to discover new non-coding RNAs, targeting human-specific transcripts which are expressed specifically in the tumour cell and using non-coding RNAs to increase the efficiency of immunotherapy.
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