Sanguinarine as a new chemical entity of thioredoxin reductase inhibitor to elicit oxidative stress and promote tumor cell apoptosis

The alteration of redox homeostasis is a hallmark of cancer cells. As a critical player in regulating cellular redox signaling, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes are increasingly recognized as attractive targets for anticancer drug development. We reported herein the natural product sanguinarine (SAN) as a potent inhibitor of TrxR with a new chemical sca ffold. Inhibition of TrxR leads to accumulation of the oxidized thioredoxin, elicits oxidative stress, and finally promotes apoptosis of cancer cells. Further synthesis of di fferent model compounds of SAN demonstrated that the phenanthridinium unit is responsible for the TrxR inhibition. The core structure of SAN, e.g., the phenanthridinium moiety, is di fferent from those of known TrxR inhibitors, and thus SAN is a new chemical entity of TrxR inhibitors and may serve a lead for further development. In addition, as the phenan- thridinium sca ffold is widely present in natural products, the disclosure of TrxR inhibition by such unit sheds light in understanding the pharmacological actions of these molecules.