Saving large fish through harvest slots outperforms the classical minimum-length limit when the aim is to achieve multiple harvest and catch-related fisheries objectives

We address the problem of optimal size-selective exploitation in an age-structured fish population model by systematically examining how density and size dependency in growth, mortality and fecundity affect optimal harvesting patterns when judged against a set of fisheries objectives. The study offers five key insights. First, while minimum-length limits often maximize the biomass yield, exploitation using harvest slots (i.e. regulations that protect both immature and very large individuals) can generate within 95% of maximum yield; harvest slots also generally maximize the number of fish that are harvested. Second, density dependence in growth and size-dependent mortality predict more liberal optimal size limits than those derived under assumptions of no density and size dependence. Third, strong density dependence in growth maximizes the catch of trophy fish only when modest harvest is introduced; the same holds for numbers harvested, when the stock-recruitment function follows the Ricker type. Fourth, the inclusion of size-dependent maternal effects on fecundity or egg viability has only limited effects on optimal size limits, unless the increase in fecundity with mass (hyperallometry) is very large. However, large hyperallometry in fecundity shifts the optimal size limit for biomass yield from the traditional minimum-length limit to a harvest slot. Fifth, harvest slots generally provide the best compromises among multiple objectives. We conclude that harvest slots, or more generally dome-shaped selectivity to harvest, can outperform the standard minimum-length selectivity. The exact configuration of optimal size limits crucially depends on objectives, local fishing pressure, the stock-recruitment function, and the density and size dependency of growth, mortality and fecundity.