Congenital fibrosis of the extra-ocular muscles (CFEOM) and the cranial dysinnervation disorders

Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) is one of the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs). This review discusses the characteristics of the CFEOM phenotypes and the CCDDs, the fibrosis associated with these disorders and the processes, and genes involved in the embryological development of cranial neuromuscular units. In particular, it focuses on the genetics of neural crest identity, axon guidance, and axon construction in relation to the CFEOMs and some consideration of treatment strategies.