Cholinergic denervation in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder

Background and purpose Cholinergic dysfunction appears to play a role in the cognitive impairment observed in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The occurrence of cholinergic dysfunction in the early stages of these conditions, however, has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate cholinergic function in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD), a disorder recognized to be an early stage of both Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Methods A total of 21 patients with polysomnography-confirmed iRBD with no evidence of parkinsonism and cognitive impairment and 10 controls underwent positron emission tomography (PET) to assess brain acetylcholinesterase levels (C-11-donepezil PET) and nigrostriatal dopaminergic function (F-18-DOPA PET). Clinical examination included the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III, Mini Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Results The C-11-donepezil PET was successfully performed in 17 patients with iRBD and nine controls. Compared with controls, patients with iRBD showed a mean 7.65% reduction in neocortical C-11-donepezil levels (P = 0.005). Bilateral superior temporal cortex, occipital cortex, cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed the most significant reductions at voxel level. Conclusion Reduced neocortical C-11-donepezil binding in our patients indicates cholinergic denervation and suggests that the projections from the nucleus basalis of Meynert, which supplies cholinergic innervation to the neocortex, are dysfunctional in iRBD. Longitudinal studies will clarify if these changes are predictive of future cognitive impairment in these patients.