Journal
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 103-114Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001109
Keywords
Air pollution; Autism spectrum disorder; Particulate matter; Ozone
Categories
Funding
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [U10DD000180, U10DD000181, U10DD000182, U10DD000183, U10DD000184, U10DD000498]
- National Institutes of Health [T32ES007018, T32HD049311]
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Background: Epidemiologic studies have reported associations between prenatal and early postnatal air pollution exposure and autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, findings differ by pollutant and developmental window. Objectives: We examined associations between early life exposure to particulate matter <= 2.5 mu m in diameter (PM2.5) and ozone in association with ASD across multiple US regions. Methods: Our study participants included 674 children with confirmed ASD and 855 population controls from the Study to Explore Early Development, a multi-site case-control study of children born from 2003 to 2006 in the United States. We used a satellite-based model to assign air pollutant exposure averages during several critical periods of neurodevelopment: 3 months before pregnancy; each trimester of pregnancy; the entire pregnancy; and the first year of life. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for study site, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal smoking, and month and year of birth. Results: The air pollution-ASD associations appeared to vary by exposure time period. Ozone exposure during the third trimester was associated with ASD, with an OR of 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.4) per 6.6 ppb increase in ozone. We additionally observed a positive association with PM2.5 exposure during the first year of life (OR = 1.3 [95% CI: 1.0, 1.6] per 1.6 mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5). Conclusions: Our study corroborates previous findings of a positive association between early life air pollution exposure and ASD, and identifies a potential critical window of exposure during the late prenatal and early postnatal periods.
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