Journal
CYTOKINE
Volume 127, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154939
Keywords
GM-CSF; M-CSF; Macrophage; Inflammation; Polarization; Differentiation; Virus infection
Funding
- Faculty of Health Sciences at Queen's University Spear and Start award
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
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Macrophages make up a crucial aspect of the immune system, carrying out a variety of functions ranging from clearing cellular debris to their well-recognized roles as innate immune cells. These cells exist along a spectrum of phenotypes but can be generally divided into proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) groups, representing different states of polarization. Due to their diverse functions, macrophages are implicated in a variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis, lupus nephritis, or infection with HIV. Throughout their lifetime, macrophages can be influenced by a wide variety of signals that influence their polarization states, which can affect their function and influence their effects on disease progression. This review seeks to provide a summary of how GM-CSF and M-CSF influence macrophage activity during disease, and provide examples of in vitro research that indicate competition between the two cytokines in governing macrophage polarization. Gaining a greater understanding of the relationship between GM-CSF and M-CSF, along with how these cytokines fit into the larger context of diseases, will inform their use as treatments or targets for treatment in various diseases.
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