Strategies to alter the trajectory of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Purpose of review Cardiovascular disease prevention trials of lipid lowering with statins have shown unexpected long-term benefits after the formal randomized treatment stopped. This finding needs further exploration because it raises the possibility that the trajectory of the disease can be modified. Recent findings Extended follow up data are now available from further major primary prevention studies and from meta-analyses of the legacy effect of statin trials. New outcome studies have been proposed and launched to test the ability of early intervention to slow or regress atherosclerosis. Summary Legacy effects are apparent in trials of LDL lowering in hypercholesterolemic and hypertensive patient cohorts. Over follow up periods of decades, both cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality are reduced in individuals who received 3 to 5 years of statin therapy. The phenomenon is observed also in studies of intensive glycemic control suggesting that it is possible to impact plaque development with longterm beneficial consequences. Novel strategies for primary prevention are being devised that include the early use of both prolonged-moderate and short-term aggressive LDL lowering.