Revealing the inhomogeneous surface chemistry on the spherical layered oxide polycrystalline cathode particles

The hierarchical structure of the composite cathodes brings in significant chemical complexity related to the interfaces, such as cathode electrolyte interphase. These interfaces account for only a small fraction of the volume and mass, they could, however, have profound impacts on the cell-level electrochemistry. As the investigation of these interfaces becomes a crucial topic in the battery research, there is a need to properly study the surface chemistry, particularly to eliminate the biased, incomplete characterization provided by techniques that assume the homogeneous surface chemistry. Herein, we utilize nano-resolution spatially-resolved x-ray spectroscopic tools to probe the heterogeneity of the surface chemistry on LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 layered cathode secondary particles. Informed by the nano-resolution mapping of the Ni valance state, which serves as a measurement of the local surface chemistry, we construct a conceptual model to elucidate the electrochemical consequence of the inhomogeneous local impedance over the particle surface. Going beyond the implication in battery science, our work highlights a balance between the high-resolution probing the local chemistry and the statistical representativeness, which is particularly vital in the study of the highly complex material systems.