Journal
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Volume 26, Issue 34, Pages 7516-7536Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904834
Keywords
fluorescence; imaging agents; protonation; self-assembly; sensors
Categories
Funding
- Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) [SAF2017-89890-R]
- Xunta de Galicia [ED431C 2017/25, 2016-AD031, ED431G/09]
- ISCIII [RD16/0008/003]
- European Union (European Regional Development Fund, ERDF)
- Marie Curie fellowship [GLYCONANOPEP-750248]
- Ramon y Cajal grant [RYC-2013-13784]
- ERC Starting Investigator Grant [DYNAP-677786]
- Human Frontier Science Research Program [RGY0066/2017]
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Tracking pH with spatiotemporal resolution is a critical challenge for synthetic chemistry, chemical biology and beyond. Over the last decade, different small probes and supramolecular systems have emerged for in cellulo or in vivo pH tracking. However, pH reporting still presents critical limitations, such as background reduction, improved sensor stability, cell targeting, endosomal escape, near- and far-infrared ratiometric pH tracking and adaption to new imaging techniques (i.e., super-resolution). These challenges will require the combined efforts of synthetic and supramolecular chemistry working together to develop the next generation of smart materials that will resolve current limitations. Herein, recent advances in the synthesis of small fluorescent probes, together with new supramolecular functional systems employed for pH tracking, are described with an emphasis on ratiometric probes. The combination of organic synthesis and stimuli-responsive supramolecular functional materials will be essential to solve future challenges of pH tracking, such as improved signal to noise ratio, on target activation and microenvironment reporting.
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