Journal
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
Volume 98, Issue 9, Pages 596-603Publisher
CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING
DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0679
Keywords
diabetes; stroke; ET-1; microglial cells; brain
Categories
Funding
- Veterans Affairs Merit Review [BX000347]
- Veterans Affairs Senior Research Career Scientist Award [IK6 BX004471]
- National Institutes of Health [R01NS083559, R01NS104573]
- Diabetic Complications Research Consortium DiaComp awards [17AU3831/18AU3903 (DK076169/115255)]
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Diabetes increases the risk and severity of cognitive impairment, especially after ischemic stroke. It is also known that the activation of the endothelin (ET) system is associated with cognitive impairment and microglia around the periinfarct area produce ET-1. However, little is known about the effect of ET-1 on microglial polarization, especially under diabetic conditions. We hypothesized that (i) ET-1 activates microglia to the proinflammatory M-1-like phenotype and (ii) hypoxia/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates the microglial ET system and promotes microglial activation towards the M-1 phenotype in diabetic conditions. Microglial cells (C8B4) cultured under normal-glucose (25 mmol/L) conditions and diabetes-mimicking high-glucose (50 mmol/L) conditions for 48 h were stimulated with ET-1, cobalt chloride (200 mu mol/L), or LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. PPET-1, ET receptor subtypes, and M1/M2 marker gene mRNA expression were measured by RT-PCR. Secreted ET-1 was measured by ELISA. A high dose of ET-1 (1 mu mol/L) increases the mRNA levels of ET receptors and activates the microglia towards the M1 phenotype. Hypoxia or LPS activates the ET system in microglial cells and shifts the microglia towards the M1 phenotype in diabetic conditions. These in vitro observations warrant further investigation into the role of ET-1-mediated activation of proinflammatory microglia in post-stroke cognitive impairment in diabetes.
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