Journal
BRITISH MEDICAL BULLETIN
Volume 132, Issue 1, Pages 81-95Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldz036
Keywords
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; zoonotic viruses; pandemics; virus ecology; live-bird markets; virus spillover
Categories
Funding
- Duke-National University Singapore Signature Research Programme - Ministry of Health, Singapore
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services [HHSN272201400006C]
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Background: Human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIV) represent a persistent public health threat. The principal risk factor governing human infection with AIV is from direct contact with infected poultry and is primarily observed in Asia and Egypt where live-bird markets are common. Areas of agreement: Changing patterns of virus transmission and a lack of obvious disease manifestations in avian species hampers early detection and efficient control of potentially zoonotic AIV. Areas of controversy: Despite extensive studies on biological and environmental risk factors, the exact conditions required for cross-species transmission from avian species to humans remain largely unknown. Growing points: The development of a universal ('across-subtype') influenza vaccine and effective antiviral therapeutics are a priority. Areas timely for developing research: Sustained virus surveillance and collection of ecological and physiological parameters from birds in different environments is required to better understand influenza virus ecology and identify risk factors for human infection.
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