Systemic disease or periodontal disease? Distinguishing causes of gingival inflammation: a guide for dental practitioners. Part 2: cancer related, infective, and other causes of gingival pathology

Periodontitis and gingivitis are highly prevalent inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, and typically are characterised by the presence of dental plaque. However, other causes of oral inflammation exist, which can resemble plaque-induced gingivitis and periodontitis, and may thus first be seen by a dental practitioner. This paper aims to provide dentists with an understanding of the manifestations of systemic diseases to the periodontium and highlights anamnestic and clinical clues important for distinguishing between plaque-induced and non plaque-induced lesions. In the first part of this series immune-mediated and hereditary conditions as causes of gingival lesions were discussed; this second part highlights cancer-related gingival lesions as well as those caused by specific pathogens, medication or malnutrition. A clear clinical, epidemiological and visual overview of the different conditions is provided. Early diagnosis of non plaque-related causes of gingival lesions can be vital for affected patients. Therefore, dental practitioners should be aware of the various manifestations of systemic diseases to the periodontium.