Performance and inorganic fouling of a submergible 255 L prototype microbial fuel cell module during continuous long-term operation with real municipal wastewater under practical conditions

A submergible 255 L prototype MFC module was operated under practical conditions with municipal wastewater having a large share in industrial discharges for 98 days to investigate the performance of two of the largest, ever investigated multi-panel stainless steel/activated carbon air cathodes (85 x 85 cm). At a flow rate of 144 L/d, power density of 78 mW/m(Cat)(2) (317 mW/m(3)) and COD, TSS and TN removal of 41 +/- 16 %, 36 +/- 16 % and 18 +/- 14 %, respectively, were reached. Observed Coulombic efficiency and substrate-specific energy recovery were 29.5 +/- 14 % and 0.184 +/- 0.125 kWh(el)/kg(COD,deg), respectively. High salt content of wastewater (TDS = 2.8 g/L) led to severe inorganic fouling causing a drastic decline in power output and energy recovery of more than 90 % in the course of experiments. Mechanical cleaning of the cathodes restored only 22 % (17 mW/m(Cat)(2)) of the power output and did not improve nutrient removal or energy recovery.