Gegen Qinlian Decoction Downregulates the TLR7 Signalling Pathway to Control Influenza A Virus Infection

Ethnopharmacological relevance: In recent years, Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD) has been applied to treat influenza virus infection, and its clinical effectiveness has been shown. However, the potential mechanism by which GQD acts on influenza A virus (IAV) has not been fully elucidated. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas are well known to have multiple targets and effects. Our previous experiments examined the mechanism by which TCM can be used to treat influenza from the perspective of the influenza immune mechanism. Aim of the study: To explore the possible mechanism by which GQD affects mice infected with the FM1 strain of influenza virus. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight C57BL/6 mice were divided randomly into four groups: a normal control (NG) group, an IAV infection (VG) group, an IAV + oseltamivir (30.44 mg/kg) treatment (VO) group, and an IAV + GQD (9.74 g/kg) treatment (VQ) group. We also grouped forty-eight Toll-like receptor 7 knockout (TLR7(-/-)) mice in the same manner. The pulmonary mRNA expression of TLR7, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B p65 was measured by RT-qPCR, and the pulmonary protein expression of TLR7, MyD88, and NF-kappa B p65 was measured by western blot. The proportions of T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells were measured by flow cytometry. Results: IAV infection led to low body weights and high viral load. Compared with those in the NG group, the mRNA expression levels of TLR7, MyD88, and NF-kappa B p65 in the VG group were upregulated (P < 0.05). However, the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR7, MyD88, and NF-kappa B p65 were lower in the VO and VQ groups than in the VG group (P < 0.05). IAV infection led to increased proportions of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells in the VG group. In the VO and VQ groups, both Th2 and Th1 cell numbers were increased, resulting in a lower Th1/Th2 proportion than that in the VG group. Conclusions: GQD downregulated the expression of some key TLR signalling pathway factors. GQD also affected the differentiation of CD4(+) T cells, thereby exerting a protective systemic effect on influenza virus infection. In conclusion, GQD activated a balanced inflammatory response in the host to limit immune pathological injury and improve clinical and survival outcomes.