Vanadium-Based Nanomaterials: A Promising Family for Emerging Metal-Ion Batteries

The emerging electrochemical energy storage systems beyond Li-ion batteries, including Na/K/Mg/Ca/Zn/Al-ion batteries, attract extensive interest as the development of Li-ion batteries is seriously hindered by the scarce lithium resources. During the past years, large amounts of studies have focused on the investigation of various electrode materials toward emerging metal-ion batteries to realize high energy density, high power density, and a long cycle life. In particular, vanadium-based nanomaterials have received great attention. Vanadium-based compounds have a big family with different structures, chemical compositions, and electrochemical properties, which provide huge possibilities for the development of emerging electrochemical energy storage. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the recent progresses of promising vanadium-based nanomaterials for emerging metal-ion batteries is presented. The vanadium-based materials are classified into four groups: vanadium oxides, vanadates, vanadium phosphates, and oxygen-free vanadium-based compounds. The structures, electrochemical properties, and modification strategies are discussed. The structure-performance relationships and charge storage mechanisms are focused on. Finally, the perspectives about future directions of vanadium-based nanomaterials for emerging energy storage devices are proposed. This review will provide comprehensive knowledge of vanadium-based nanomaterials and shed light on their potential applications in emerging energy storage.