Interaction of Carbohydrate Coated Cerium-Oxide Nanoparticles with Wheat and Pea: Stress Induction Potential and Effect on Development

Reports about the influence of cerium-oxide nanoparticles (nCeO(2)) on plants are contradictory due to their positive and negative effects on plants. Surface modification may affect the interaction of nCeO(2) with the environment, and hence its availability to plants. In this study, the uncoated and glucose-, levan-, and pullulan-coated nCeO(2) were synthesized and characterized. The aim was to determine whether nontoxic carbohydrates alter the effect of nCeO(2) on the seed germination, plant growth, and metabolism of wheat and pea. We applied 200 mgL(-1) of nCeO(2) on plants during germination (Ger treatment) or three week-growth (Gro treatment) in hydroponics. The plant response to nCeO(2) was studied by measuring changes in Ce concentration, total antioxidative activity (TAA), total phenolic content (TPC), and phenolic profile. Our results generally revealed higher Ce concentration in plants after the treatment with coated nanoparticles compared to uncoated ones. Considering all obtained results, Ger treatment had a stronger impact on the later stages of plant development than Gro treatment. The Ger treatment had a stronger impact on TPC and plant elongation, whereas Gro treatment affected more TAA and phenolic profile. Among nanoparticles, levan-coated nCeO(2) had the strongest and positive impact on tested plants. Wheat showed higher sensitivity to all treatments.