4.6 Review

Metabolomics Applied to the Study of Extracellular Vesicles

Journal

METABOLITES
Volume 9, Issue 11, Pages -

Publisher

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110276

Keywords

extracellular vesicles; exosomes; microvesicles; biomarkers; diagnostics; metabolic pathways

Funding

  1. Health Basque Government [2015111149]
  2. Ramon Areces Foundation
  3. Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO [CTQ2017-90039-R, SAF2015-66312, RTI2018-094969-B-I00]
  4. REDIEX (Excellence Network on Exosomes - MINECO)
  5. Severo Ochoa Excellence Accreditation [SEV-2016-0644]
  6. CIC biomaGUNE
  7. CIC bioGUNE joint fellowship program
  8. ERDF (FEDER) Funds from the European Commission, A way of making Europe
  9. Spanish State Research Agency [MDM-2017-0720]
  10. Academy of Finland [287089, 1315227]
  11. Medicinska Understodsforeningen Liv och Halsa r.f.
  12. Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation

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Cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) have rapidly gained prominence as sources of biomarkers for non-invasive biopsies, owing to their ubiquity across human biofluids and physiological stability. There are many characterisation studies directed towards their protein, nucleic acid, lipid and glycan content, but more recently the metabolomic analysis of EV content has also gained traction. Several EV metabolite biomarker candidates have been identified across a range of diseases, including liver disease and cancers of the prostate and pancreas. Beyond clinical applications, metabolomics has also elucidated possible mechanisms of action underlying EV function, such as the arginase-mediated relaxation of pulmonary arteries or the delivery of nutrients to tumours by vesicles. However, whilst the value of EV metabolomics is clear, there are challenges inherent to working with these entities-particularly in relation to sample production and preparation. The biomolecular composition of EVs is known to change drastically depending on the isolation method used, and recent evidence has demonstrated that changes in cell culture systems impact upon the metabolome of the resulting EVs. This review aims to collect recent advances in the EV metabolomics field whilst also introducing researchers interested in this area to practical pitfalls in applying metabolomics to EV studies.

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