Journal
NATURE ENERGY
Volume 4, Issue 11, Pages 939-947Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/s41560-019-0471-6
Keywords
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Funding
- Office of Naval Research award [N00014-17-1-2212]
- US Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) [DE-EE0008551]
- National Science Foundation award [ECCS-1542152]
- US Department of Energy [DE-AC36-08GO28308]
- Alliance for Sustainable Energy LLC
- De-risking Halide Perovskite Solar Cells project at NREL - US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office
- Combined Characterization project at NREL - US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office
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Low bandgap tin-lead iodide perovskites are key components of all-perovskite tandem solar cells, but can be unstable because tin is prone to oxidation. Here, to avoid a reaction with the most popular hole contact, we eliminated polyethylenedioxythioph ene:polystyrenesulfonate as a hole transport layer and instead used an upward band offset at an indium tin oxide-perovskite heterojunction to extract holes. To suppress oxidative degradation, we improved the morphology to create a compact and large-grained film. The tin content was kept at or below 50% and the device capped with a sputtered indium zinc oxide electrode. These advances resulted in a substantially improved thermal and environmental stability in a low bandgap perovskite solar cell without compromising the efficiency. The solar cells retained 95% of their initial efficiency after 1,000 h at 85 degrees C in air in the dark with no encapsulation and in a damp heat test (85 degrees C with 85% relative humidity) with encapsulation. The full initial efficiency was maintained under operation near the maximum power point and near 1 sun illumination for over 1,000h.
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