Confined Interlayer Water Promotes Structural Stability for High-Rate Electrochemical Proton Intercalation in Tungsten Oxide Hydrates

There is widespread interest in determining the structural features of redox-active electrochemical energy storage materials that enable simultaneous high power and high energy density. Here, we present the discovery that confined interlayer water in crystalline tungsten oxide hydrates, WO3 center dot nH(2)O, enables highly reversible proton intercalation at subsecond time scales. By comparing the structural transformation kinetics and confined water dynamics of the hydrates with anhydrous WO3, we determine that the rapid electrochemical proton intercalation is due to the ability of the confined water layers to isolate structural transformations to two dimensions while stabilizing the structure along the third dimension. As a result, these water layers provide both structural flexibility and stability to accommodate intercalation-driven bonding changes. This provides an alternative explanation for the fast energy storage kinetics of materials that incorporate structural water and provides a new strategy for enabling high power and high energy density with redox-active layered materials containing confined fluids.