Integrating large-area perovskite solar module with thermoelectric generator for enhanced and stable power output

Integrating a perovskite solar cell (PSC) with a thermoelectric generator (TEG) into a hybrid system can convert solar energy into electricity by simultaneously utilizing the solar light and the waste heat produced from the PSC. Although such hybrid devices with a small area have been proposed, the fabrication of a large-area perovskite solar module (PSM) containing variable series and parallel connecting modes of subcells for the match with the same-size TEG still remain challenging. This work is to demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating a large-area (16 cm(2)) PSM-TEG device by hybridizing a PSM and a TEG in series. With the combination of series and parallel-connected modes of the PSC subcells, an optimal PSM-TEG device affords a highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.7% with an open-circuit voltage of 6.80 V and a maximum power output of 103 mW under the irradiation of 100 mW/cm(2) condition and maintains 85% of its initial PCE after 400 h under continuous illumination.